SONET/SDH OC-3/12 TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
S3005/S3006
Clock Synthesizer
Timing Generator
The Timing Generator function, seen in Figure 4, pro-
vides two separate functions. It provides a byte rate
version of the TSCLK, and a mechanism for aligning
the phase between the incoming byte clock and the
clock which loads the parallel-to-serial shift register.
The Clock Synthesizer, shown in the block diagram
in Figure 4, is a monolithic PLL that generates the
serial output clock phase synchronized with the input
reference clock (REFCLK). There are three select-
able output clock frequencies that are synthesizable
from any of four selectable reference frequencies for
SONET/SDH operation.
The PCLK output is a byte rate version of TSCLK.
For STS-12, the PCLK frequency is 77.76 MHz, and
for NRZ or CMI coded STS-3, its frequency is 19.44
MHz. For CMI coded E4, its frequency is 17.408
MHz. PCLK is intended for use as a byte speed clock
for upstream multiplexing and overhead processing
circuits. Using PCLK for upstream circuits will ensure
a stable frequency and phase relationship between
the data coming into and leaving the S3005 device.
The MODE[2:0] inputs select the output serial clock
frequency to be 622.08 MHz for STS-12, 311.04
MHz for CMI-encoded STS-3, 155.52 MHz for STS-
3, or 278.528 MHz for CMI-encoded E4. Their
frequencies are selected as shown in Table 2.
The REFSEL[1:0] inputs in combination with the
MODE[2:0] inputs select the ratio between the out-
put clock frequency and the reference input
frequency, as shown in Tables 3 and 4. This ratio is
adjusted for each of the four modes so that the refer-
ence frequency selected by the REFSEL[1:0] is the
same for all modes.
Table 3. Reference Frequency Options
REFSEL
[1:0]
REFERENCE CLOCK
FREQUENCY
19.44 MHz
OPERATING
MODE
STS–12,STS–3
00
01
10
11
38.88 MHz
51.84 MHz
77.76 MHz
STS–12,STS–3
STS–12,STS–3
STS–12
The REFCLK input must be generated from a differ-
ential ECL crystal oscillator which has a frequency
accuracy of better than 20 ppm in order for the
TSCLK frequency to have the same accuracy re-
quired for operation in a SONET system.
Table 4. E4CMI Reference Frequency Options
In order to meet the .01 UI SONET jitter specifications,
the maximum reference clock jitter must be guaran-
teed over the 12KHz to 1MHz bandwidth. For details
of reference clock jitter requirements, see Table 5.
REFSEL
[1:0]
REFERENCE CLOCK
FREQUENCY
OPERATING
MODE
—
00
17.408 MHz
01
10
11
34.816 MHz
46.421 MHz
69.632 MHz
—
—
—
The on–chip PLL consists of a phase detector, which
compares the phase relationship between the VCO
output and the REFCLK input, a loop filter which
converts the phase detector output into a smooth DC
voltage, and a VCO, whose frequency is varied by
this voltage.
Table 5. Reference Jitter Limits
The loop filter generates a VCO control voltage based
on the average DC level of the phase discriminator
output pulses. The loop filter’s corner frequency is
optimized to minimize output phase jitter. The loop
filter capacitor is included on the package.
Maximum Reference Clock Jitter
in 12 KHz to 1 MHz Band
Operating
Mode
14 ps
28 ps
56 ps
STS–12
STS–3 CMI
STS–3
Table 2. Clock Frequency Options
OUTPUT CLOCK
FREQUENCY
OPERATING
MODE
MODE[2:0]
100
001
010
011
622.08 MHz
311.04 MHz
155.52 MHz
278.528 MHz
STS–12
STS–3 CMI
STS–3
E4 CMI
Applied Micro Circuits Corporation
6195 Lusk Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121 • (619) 450-9333
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