Delta39K™ PLL and Clock Tree
The Delta39K PLL and the global clock tree provide design-
Introduction
ers with functionality that can be configured to meet various
design requirements. This functionality includes clock phase
adjustment, clock multiplication and division, Spread Aware™
feature, lock detection, off-chip clocking and buffering, and
JTAG support.
The purpose of this application note is to provide information
and instruction in utilizing the functionality of the Delta39K™
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) and associated clock tree.
Delta39K is a family of high-density Complex Programmable
Logic Devices (CPLDs) containing on-chip components such
as Single-Port RAM, advanced Dual-Port RAM, and a PLL.
The Delta39K PLL can be used in any system requiring clock
frequency or clock phase manipulation.
Clock Phase Adjustment
Designers may use the PLL and clock tree to re-position the
edges of the PLL-generated clock in order to shift perfor-
mance toward either improved set-up time or improved
clock-to-out time. The clock's phase, or the position of its edg-
es relative to the PLL input, may be adjusted in either of two
ways: Skewing the clock moves its phase backward on the
time axis, while de-skewing the clock moves its phase fore-
word on the time axis.
For Delta39K, programming is defined as the loading of a
user’s design into the on-chip FLASH device internal to the
Delta39K package. Configuration, on the other hand, is the
loading of a user’s design into the volatile Delta39K die.
Overview of PLL & Clock Tree
Within each 3.3V/2.5V Delta39K device, a single on-chip PLL
resides as part of a larger clocking scheme. Four local dedi-
cated clock input pins, referred to here as GCLK[3:0], provide
direct inputs to this clock tree. GCLK[0] and GCLK[1] may
also be used as an input port and external feedback port,
respectively to the PLL. Within the clock tree are four global
clocks, referred to here as INTCLK[3:0], which are accessible
to any macrocell, I/O cell, or memory block. GCLK[3:0] and
the outputs of the PLL feed a set of multiplexors which source
INTCLK[3:0]. Figure 1 contains a block diagram of the clock
tree and PLL.
There are eight options for skewing the incoming clock. The
clock can be skewed so that the phase is delayed 0°, 45°, 90°,
135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, or 315°. A 45° phase shift increment
is equal to a delay of 1/8th of the clock's period length. Note
that adding delay to the incoming clock has the effect of in-
creasing effective clock-to-out time while decreasing the ef-
fective setup time requirements. Refer to Figure 2 for an ex-
ample.
Time when data
Time when new data
must be ready
reaches output pin
EXTERNAL
Off-chip clock
pll_in
tP
tS
tCO
CLOCK_TREE
Delay
Any I/O Cell
Any Macrocell
Any Memory
4
4
4
DIRECT
Smaller
Larger
effective tS
effective tCO
Feedback
ext_fdbk
[1]
(clock to out time)
(setup time)
I
x
(1,2,4,8)
N
T
pll_in
gclk0
Source
Divide
Divide
Divide
Divide
tSK
tSK
tCO
C
L
gclk0-3
8
8
0
[0]
2
K
45
90
[3:0]
gclk1
gclk2
gclk3
tS
135
180
225
270
315
Lock
4
8
Figure 2. Skewed Clock and Adjusted tS and tCO
.
G
C
8
8
L
K
[0:3]
4
lock_detect
Figure 1. Delta39K Phase Locked Loop and Clock Tree.
Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
•
3901 North First Street
•
San Jose
•
CA 95134
•
408-943-2600
July 6, 2001