CM6800A
LOW START-UP CURRENT PFC/PWM CONTROLLER COMBO
line voltage. One of these conditions is that the output
voltage of the boost converter must be set higher than the
Functional Description
The CM6800A consists of an average current controlled,
continuous boost Power Factor Correction (PFC) front end
and a synchronized Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) back
end. The PWM can be used in either current or voltage
mode. In voltage mode, feedforward from the PFC output
buss can be used to improve the PWM’s line regulation. In
either mode, the PWM stage uses conventional trailing
edge duty cycle modulation, while the PFC uses leading
edge modulation. This patented leading/trailing edge
modulation technique results in a higher usable PFC error
amplifier bandwidth, and can significantly reduce the size of
the PFC DC buss capacitor.
peak value of the line voltage. A commonly used value is
385VDC, to allow for a high line of 270VACrms. The other
condition is that the current drawn from the line at any given
instant must be proportional to the line voltage. Establishing
a suitable voltage control loop for the converter, which in turn
drives a current error amplifier and switching output driver
satisfies the first of these requirements. The second
requirement is met by using the rectified AC line voltage to
modulate the output of the voltage control loop. Such
modulation causes the current error amplifier to command a
power stage current that varies directly with the input voltage.
In order to prevent ripple, which will necessarily appear at the
output of boost circuit (typically about 10VP-P ripple at low
frequency on a 385V DC level), from introducing distortion
back through the voltage error amplifier, the bandwidth of the
voltage loop is deliberately kept low. A final refinement is to
adjust the overall gain of the PFC such to be proportional to
1/VIN^2, which linearizes the transfer function of the system
as the AC input to voltage varies.
The synchronized of the PWM with the PFC simplifies the
PWM compensation due to the controlled ripple on the PFC
output capacitor (the PWM input capacitor). The PWM
section of the CM6800A runs at the same frequency as the
PFC.
In addition to power factor correction, a number of
protection features have been built into the CM6800A.
These include soft-start, PFC overvoltage protection, peak
current limiting, brownout protection, duty cycle limiting, and
under-voltage lockout.
Since the boost converter topology in the CM6800A PFC is
of the current-averaging type, no slope compensation is
required.
PFC Section
Power Factor Correction
Power factor correction makes a nonlinear load look like a
resistive load to the AC line. For a resistor, the current
drawn from the line is in phase with and proportional to the
line voltage, so the power factor is unity (one). A common
class of nonlinear load is the input of most power supplies,
which use a bridge rectifier and capacitive input filter fed
from the line. The peak-charging effect, which occurs on
the input filter capacitor in these supplies, causes brief
high-amplitude pulses of current to flow from the power line,
rather than a sinusoidal current in phase with the line
voltage. Such supplies present a power factor to the line of
less than one (i.e. they cause significant current harmonics
of the power line frequency to appear at their input). If the
input current drawn by such a supply (or any other
nonlinear load) can be made to follow the input voltage in
instantaneous amplitude, it will appear resistive to the AC
line and a unity power factor will be achieved.
Gain Modulator
Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the PFC section of the
CM6800A. The gain modulator is the heart of the PFC, as it
is this circuit block which controls the response of the current
loop to line voltage waveform and frequency, rms line
voltage, and PFC output voltages. There are three inputs to
the gain modulator. These are:
1. A current representing the instantaneous input voltage
(amplitude and waveshape) to the PFC. The rectified AC
input sine wave is converted to a proportional current via a
resistor and is then fed into the gain modulator at IAC
.
Sampling current in this way minimizes ground noise, as is
required in high power switching power conversion
environments. The gain modulator responds linearly to this
current.
2. A voltage proportional to the long-term RMS AC line
voltage, derived from the rectified line voltage after scaling
and filtering. This signal is presented to the gain modulator
at VRMS. The gain modulator’s output is inversely
To hold the input current draw of a device drawing power
from the AC line in phase with and proportional to the input
voltage, a way must be found to prevent that device from
loading the line except in proportion to the instantaneous
line voltage. The PFC section of the CM6800A uses a
boost-mode DC-DC converter to accomplish this. The input
to the converter is the full wave rectified AC line voltage. No
bulk filtering is applied following the bridge rectifier, so the
input voltage to the boost converter ranges (at twice line
frequency) from zero volts to the peak value of the AC input
and back to zero. By forcing the boost converter to meet
two simultaneous conditions, it is possible to ensure that
the current drawn from the power line is proportional to the
input
2
proportional to VRMS (except at unusually low values of
VRMS where special gain contouring takes over, to limit
power dissipation of the circuit components under heavy
brownout conditions). The relationship between VRMS and
gain is called K, and is illustrated in the Typical
Performance Characteristics.
3. The output of the voltage error amplifier, VEAO. The gain
modulator responds linearly to variations in this voltage.
2006/10/11 Rev. 1.3
Champion Microelectronic Corporation
Page 8
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