ADP1109
As previously mentioned, EL must be greater than PL/fOSC so
that the ADP1109 can deliver the necessary power to the load.
For best efficiency, peak current should be limited to 1 A or
less. Higher switch currents will reduce efficiency because of
increased saturation voltage in the switch. High peak current
also increases output ripple. As a general rule, keep peak current
as low as possible to minimize losses in the switch, inductor and
diode.
O utput Voltage Selection
T he output voltage is fed back to the ADP1109 via resistors R1
and R2 (Figure 5). When the voltage at the comparator’s invert-
ing input falls below 1.25 V, the oscillator turns “on” and the
output voltage begins to rise. T he output voltage is therefore set
by the formula:
R 2
VOUT = 1. 25 V × 1 +
(11)
R1
In practice, the inductor value is easily selected using the equa-
tions above. For example, consider a supply that will generate
12 V at 120 mA from a +5 V source. T he inductor power re-
quired is, from Equation 1:
Resistors R1 and R2 are provided internally on fixed-voltage
versions of the ADP1109. In this case, a complete dc-dc con-
verter requires only four external components.
PL = (12 V + 0.5 V – 5 V) × (120 mA) = 900 mW
(6)
Capacitor Selection
On each switching cycle, the inductor must supply:
For optimum performance, the ADP1109’s output capacitor
must be carefully selected. Choosing an inappropriate capacitor
can result in low efficiency and/or high output ripple.
PL 900 mW
=
= 7.5 µJ
(7)
fOSC 120 kHz
Ordinary aluminum electrolytic capacitors are inexpensive, but
often have poor Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) and Equiva-
lent Series Inductance (ESL). Low ESR aluminum capacitors,
specifically designed for switch mode converter applications, are
also available, and these are a better choice than general purpose
devices. Even better performance can be achieved with tantalum
capacitors, although their cost is higher. Very low values of ESR
can be achieved by using OS-CON capacitors (Sanyo Corpora-
tion, San Diego, CA). T hese devices are fairly small, available
with tape-and-reel packaging, and have very low ESR.
T he required inductor power is fairly low in this example, so
the peak current can also be low. Assuming a peak current of
600 mA as a starting point, Equation 4 can be rearranged to
recommend an inductor value:
VIN
5 V
L =
t =
5.5 µs = 45.8 µH
(8)
IL(MAX
600 mA
)
Substituting a standard inductor value of 33 µH, with 0.2 Ω dc
resistance, will produce a peak switch current of:
D iode Selection
In specifying a diode, consideration must be given to speed,
forward voltage drop and reverse leakage current. When the
ADP1109 switch turns off, the diode must turn on rapidly if
high efficiency is to be maintained. Schottky rectifiers, as well as
fast signal diodes such as the 1N4148, are appropriate. T he
forward voltage of the diode represents power that is not
delivered to the load, so VF must also be minimized. Again,
Schottky diodes are recommended. Leakage current is especially
important in low current applications, where the leakage can be
a significant percentage of the total quiescent current.
–1.0 Ω × 5.5 µs
5 V
33 µH
IPEAK
=
1 − e
= 768 mA
(9)
1. 0 Ω
Once the peak current is known, the inductor energy can be
calculated from Equation 5:
2
1
EL
=
33 µH × 768 mA = 9.7 µJ
(10)
(
)
(
)
2
T he inductor energy of 9.7 µJ is greater than the PL/fOSC re-
quirement of 7.5 µJ, so the 33 µH inductor will work in this
For most circuits, the 1N5818 is a suitable companion to the
ADP1109. T his diode has a VF of 0.5 V at 1 A, 4 µA to 10 µA
leakage, and fast turn-on and turn-off times. A surface mount
version, the MBRS130T 3, is also available.
application. By substituting other inductor values into the same
equations, the optimum inductor value can be selected. When
selecting an inductor, the peak current must not exceed the
maximum switch current of 1.2 A. If the calculated peak current
is greater than 1.2 A, either the input voltage must be increased
or the load current decreased.
For switch currents of 100 mA or less, a Schottky diode such as
the BAT 85 provides a VF of 0.8 V at 100 mA and leakage less
than 1 µA. A similar device, the BAT 54, is available in an
SOT-23 package. Even lower leakage, in the 1 nA to 5 nA range,
can be obtained with a 1N4148 signal diode.
General purpose rectifiers, such as the 1N4001, are not suitable
for ADP1109 circuits. T hese devices, which have turn-on times
of 10 µs or more, are far too slow for switching power supply
applications. Using such a diode “just to get started” will result
in wasted time and effort. Even if an ADP1109 circuit appears
to function with a 1N4001, the resulting performance will not
be indicative of the circuit performance when the correct diode
is used.
–6–
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